nicaragua literature
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0.401
Further research is needed to determine whether increased couple communication reduces the likelihood of violence or whether absence of violence can lead to increased couple communication.
Procedure for Data Collection
Hedin LW. Postpartum, also a risk period for domestic violence, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 2000, 89(1):41-45.
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), PRAMS Model Surveillance Protocol, Atlanta, GA, USA: CDC, 1999.
-.0979
Castro R, Peek-Asa C and Ruiz A, Violence against women in Mexico: a study of abuse before and during pregnancy, American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93(7): 1 1 10-1 116.
3. There is no significant relationship between the determinant factors and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy.
df
249
Su-fang G. Domestic abuse on women in China before, during, and after pregnancy, Chinese Medical Journal, 2004, 117(3):331- 336.
7.634
12
10
Goodwin M. Pregnancy intendedness and physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 1996-1997, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000, 4(2):85-92.
88
Two major instruments were used in the study:
0.0146
4
Hedin LW. Prevalence of physical and sexual abuse before and during pregnancy among Swedish couples, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1999, 160(7):1007-1011.
Glander SS. The prevalence of domestic violence among women seeking abortion, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1998, 91(6):1002- 1006.
Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association, Violence against women: relevance for medical practitioners, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, 267(23):3184-3189.
Methodology
Remark
3
Sig.
Bates LM. Socioeconomic factors and processes associated with domestic violence in rural Bangladesh, International Family Planning Perspectives, 2004, 30(4): 190-199.
Cokkinides VE. Physical violence during pregnancy: maternal complications and birth outcomes, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1999, 93(5):661-666.
In view of the fact that family history of spousal violence increases a daughter’s risk of such abuse and other factors as dowry demand, poor couple communication, and age at marriage have been found to be positively correlated to abuse, these factors should be widely communicated.
123.48886
0.484
(2.0)
Sig.
SD
References
Age at Marriage
(1.0)
Leung WC, Leung TW and Lam YY, The prevalence of domestic violence against pregnant women in a Chinese community, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1999, 66(1):23-30.
Dowry Demand Involvement
2. What is the relative contribution of each of these factors (dowry demand, involvement spousal communication, past history of abuse religion, husband’s level of education and age at marriage) to the prediction of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy?
7
X2 = 36.7, DF = 9, P <0.05 = Significant
(2.5)
Berns, SB. Jacobson NS and Gottman, JM. Demand-withdraw interaction in couples with a violent husband, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1999, 67(5): 666-674.
Eighteen percent of economically disadvantaged currently married women living with their husbands in six villages in Bangladesh experienced physical spousal abuse during at least one pregnancy; for 3%, the abuse got worse during pregnancy (Bates, 2004).
-0.811
15
A
7
4
Fikree FF and Bhatti LI, Domestic violence and health of Pakistani women, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1999, 65(2):195-201.
Karaoglu Ltfitatt, Physical, emotional and sexual violence during pregnancy in Malatya, Turkey, European Journal of Public Health, 2006, 16(2): 149-156.
Spousal Communication
Campbell JC 0IM&, The dynamics of battering during pregnancy, in: Campbell JC, ed., Empowering Survivors of Abuse: Health Care for Battered Women and Their Children, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage, 1998, pp. 81-89.
Berenson AB. Drug abuse and other risk factors for physical abuse in pregnancy among white non-Hispanic, black, and Hispanic women, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1991, 164(6 Pt. 1):1491-1499.
Ms
0.05
(3.0)
T-ratio
13.229*
8
Participants
2. Relative Contribution of Independent Variables to the Prediction of Physical Spousal Abuse of Women during pregnancy
According to a review of six studies from India, China, Pakistan and Ethiopia, the prevalence of physical spousal abuse during pregnancy ranged from 4% to 28% (Nasir and Hyder, 2003). Four of these studies were hospital-based and found prevalence of 4-22% (Leung, Leung and Lam, 1999; Purmar, 1999; Fikree & Bhatti, 1999; and Faruqi, 1996); the other two were population-based, covering both urban and rural areas, and reported prevalence of 10-28% (Nasir & Hyder, 2003; Deyessa, 1998; and International Clinical Epidemiologists Network, 2000). A multi country, population-based study conducted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) from which the data for the current study are drawn, shows that the rate of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy in ten developing countries ranged from 3% to 28% (Garcia-Moreno, 2005).
Residual
57
-0.113
Spousal Communication
32
(5.0)
5
Variables
In recent research, women who were abused during pregnancy had a history of abuse (Glander, 1998; Horrigan, Schroeder, & Schaffer, 2000; and Jasinki, 2004). Five studies found that a past history of abuse (i.e. abuse before pregnancy) is one of the strongest predictors of abuse during pregnancy (Stewart & Cecutti, 1993; Castro, Peek-Asa & Ruiz, 2003; Martin, 2004; McFarlance, 1992 and Su-fang, 2004). In addition, multiple social, economic, cultural biological, and environmental factors contribute to abuse toward women during pregnancy.
-0.283
O'Campo P. Verbal abuse and physical violence among a cohort of low-income pregnant women, Women's Health Issues, 1994, 4(1):29-37.
-2.425
0.045
X2 Crit.
(3.0)
0.146
(7.5)
Jasinski JL, Pregnancy and violence against women: an analysis of longitudinal data, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2001, 16(7):713- 734.
Purpose of Study
-2.146
Sig. Level
0.0162
Multiple R = 0. 462
36.7
Dunn LL and Oths KS, Prenatal predictors of intimate partner abuse, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 2004, 33(1):54-63.
89
0.378
Poor spousal communication is one of the factors associated with marital violence (Berns, Jacobson & Gottman, 1999 and Gordis, Margolin & Vickerman, 2005). Studies exploring the relationship between couple communication or interaction and physical violence during pregnancy are not numerous; however, according to at least two studies, poor couple communication is related to violence during pregnancy in India and China (Purmar, 1999; Sun-fang, 2004).
245
(4.0)
0.017
3.33
0.0161
-
0.6287
(6.0)
87
0.194
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of the factors positively associated with physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria.
7
0.143
Instrumentation
6
Campbell JC, Garcia-Moreno C and Sharps P, Abuse during pregnancy in industrialized and developing countries, Violence Against Women, 2004, 10(7):770-789.
Multiple R-Square = 0.213
Based on the above, dowry demand involvement, age at marriage, past history of abuse and spousal communication are the most important predictors of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy. This results agree with the findings reported by Bern, Jacobson and Gottman (1999); Gordise, Margolin and Vickerman (2005); that poor couple communication is related to violence during pregnancy in India and China Su-fang (2004); and Purmar (1999). Martins (2001); Wiemann (2000) and Dunn (2000) focuses their report on abuse by past or current intimate partners. In contrasts, other studies have found an escalation of violence during pregnancy – Stewart & Cecutti (1993); Berenson (1991); Campbell (1992) and Taggart & Mattson (1996).
3
0.142
(2.0)
6
Deyessa N. Magnitude, type and outcomes of violence against women in Bulajira, South Ethiopia, Ethiopian Medical Journal, 1998, 36(2):83-92.
-
(1.5)
(1.0)
(6.0)
-0.135
Total
0.028
(2.0)
D
In Nigeria, most research work on physical spousal abuse has been based on prevalence and patterns; scarcely do we have studies linking physical spousal abuse to women during pregnancy. It is against this background that this study becomes relevant in filling such missing gaps in our knowledge in the issue of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy in Lagos metropolis area of Lagos State, Nigeria.
Regression
Taggart L and Mattson S, Delay in prenatal care as a result of battering in pregnancy: cross-cultural implications, Health Care for Women International, 1996, 17(1):25-34.
Religion
(2.5)
The data collected were analysed using multiple regression analysis and chi-square (x2) statistics to establish the relationship of the factors tested and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy.
Physical spousal abuse towards pregnant women cuts across societies and classes in developed and developing countries of the world. It is a gross violation of human rights and has many far-reaching consequences for a woman and her fetus including serious social and health problems (Neuberger, 1992; Gazmararian, 1996; Valladares, 2002; American Medical Association, 1992).
Stewart DE and Cecutti A, Physical abuse in pregnancy, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1993, 149(9):1257-1263.
Muhajarine N and D'Arcy C, Physical abuse during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1 999, 1 60(7):1 007-1 011 .
-
Wiemann CM. Pregnant adolescents: experiences and behaviors associated with physical assault by an intimate partner, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000, 4(2):93-101.
0.411
5
The research results vary on whether abuse toward women increases, decreases, or remains the same during pregnancy. There is evidence that pregnancy can be a time of respite for some previously abused women (Jasinki, 2001; Bermon, 1991; Campbell, 1998; Campbell, 1995; Castro, Peek-Asa & Ruiz, 2003; Martin, 1996; and Hedin, 2000), perhaps because of stigma associated with physically injuring a pregnant women, (Karaoglu, 2006; Jasinki, 2001; Borenson, 1991 and Campbell, 1998). If this is the case, partners abuse, only to replace it with emotional abuse, such as insults, threats and humiliation (Karaoglu, 2006 and Martin, 2004). The WHO multi-country study reports that the majority of women who suffered from abuse before and during pregnancy in all sites reported that during the last pregnancy in which they were abused, the abuse was the same or somewhat less severe or frequent than before the pregnancy (Stewart & Cecutte, 1993; Borenson, 1991; Campbell, 1992 and Taggart, 1996). In constrast, other studies have found an escalation of abuse during pregnancy (Garcia-Moreno, 2005). For example, 64% of Canadian women who were abused during pregnancy reported that their abuse increased during pregnancy (Stewart & Cecutti, 1993).
Table I: Summary of Regression Analysis of Sample Data
Campbell JC eWt, Correlates of battering during pregnancy, Research in Nursing and Health, 1992, 15(3):21 9-226.
To achieve the purpose of this study, the following research questions were answered:
Valladares E. Physical partner abuse during pregnancy: a risk factor for low birth weight in Nicaragua, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2002, 100(4):700-705.
4
25
The participants for the study were administered the two questionnaires with the assistance of two research assistants and the hospital attendants in the three hospitals involved in the study. The collected questionnaires were scored and the data obtained from them were analysed to answer the research questions. On the whole, 250 copies of the questionnaires were distributed and returned fully filled, giving a return rate of 100%.
35
Husband’s level of Education
* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
15
1
(20.0)
Table I shows that the combination of the six independent variables (dowry demand involvement, spousal communication, past history of abuse, religion, husband’s level of education and age at marriage) in predicting physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy gave a co-efficient of multiple regression (R) of 0.462 and a multiple R-Square (R2) of 0.213. The result shows that 21.3% of the variance in the prediction of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy is accounted for by the independent variables. The table also indicates that, the analysis of variance of the multiple regression data gave an F-ratio of 13.229 significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
Constant
Martin SL. Physical abuse of women before, during and after pregnancy, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2001, 285(12): 1581-1584.
(2.0)
4
Results:
SA
-
Bohn DK, Tebben JG and Campbell JC, Influences of income, education, age, and ethnicity on / physical abuse before and during pregnancy, Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatal Nursing, 2004, 33(5):561-571.
9
Research Design
6
12
Introduction
-2.461
Religion
Campbell JCt^Wfl, The influence of abuse on pregnancy intention, Women's Health Issues, 1995, 5 (4):214-223.
3
X2 Cal.
2
Remark
4
Newberger EH. Abuse of pregnant women and adverse birth outcome. Current knowledge and implications for practice, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, 267(17):2370-2372.
Martin SL. Violence and substance abuse among North Carolina pregnant women, American / Journal of Public Health, 1996, 86(7):991-998.
Dowry Demand Involvement
Saltzman LE. Physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: an examination of prevalence and risk factors in 16 states, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2003, 7(1):31-42.
df
14
5
Data Analysis
Determinant Factors
Gazmararian JA. Prevalence of violence against pregnant women, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1996, 275(24): 1915-1920.
Past History of Abuse
22
Low socio-economic status has consistently been identified as a risk factor for violence during pregnancy (Gazmararian, 1995; Purmar, 1999; Karuoglu, 2006; Su-fang, 2004; and Goodwin, 2000). Economically, disadvantaged women, both in the United States and in developing countries, have the highest rates of reported abuse during pregnancy (Campbell, 2004); although women from higher income groups experience abuse, they may be less likely than others to disclose their abuse (International Clinical Epidemiologists Network, 2000). Urban residence is a predictor of violence during pregnancy (Karaoglu, 2006; and Su-fang, 2004). In both developing and developed countries, women’s low level of education is associated with physical abuse during pregnancy, (Muhajarin, 1999; Purmar, 1999; Farugi, 1996; Karaoglu, 2006 and Bohn, 2004), male partners’ low level of education is also a contributing factor (Leung, Leung & Lam, 1999; Faruqi, 1996 and International Clinical Epidemiologists Network, 2000). Finally, young pregnant women are more likely than those who are older to be abused (Muhajarine, 1999; Stewart & Cecutti, 1993; Hedin, 1999 and O’Camp, 1994).
Table 3 above shows the cross-tabulation of the determinant factors and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy. From the table above, the X2 calculated value (36.7) at 0.05 level of significance is greater than X2 critical value of 3.33. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis, that state that there is a significant relationship between the detrimental factors and physical spousal abuse was accepted. By implication, this means that the determinant factors has it consequences, and has an association with spousal physical abuse of women during pregnancy.
2.284
22
Table 2 shows for each independent variable, the standardised regression weight (B), the Standard Error Estimate (SEB), the Beta, the T-ratio, and the level at which the T-ratio, and the level at which the T-ratio is significant. As indicated in the table the T-ratio is associated with four variables (dowry demand involvement, spousal communication, past history of abuse, and age at marriage) were significant at 0.05 level of confidence while religion and husband’s level of education were not significantly associated with the dependent variable.
Standard Error of Estimate = 3.06
Sig.
The participants for this study consists of all married women in Lagos metropolis whose ages ranged between 21 years – 49 years, and are currently pregnant. A total of two hundred and fifty were randomly drawn from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos Maternity Hospital and Ikoyi Specialist Hospital, all in Lagos Metropolis. The choice of Lagos area for the study was chosen because it is an area where support services for abused women are currently available or could be established, the populations are broadly representative of socio-economic strata and not perceived as having high levels of domestic violence.
4
(11.0)
617.444
5
2
2277.5997
-1.014
NS
19
2
0.399
Beta
9.3344
5
Total
5.358
Adjusted R-Square = 0.197
This study employed an ex-post-facto design. This design does not involve the manipulation of any variable. The event has already occurred and the researcher only investigated what was already there.
(12.5)
All the participants involved in the study can read, write and respond to questions.
0.404
Age at Marriage
SS
Gazmararian JA. The relationship between pregnancy intendedness and physical violence in mothers of newborns, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1995, 85(6):1031-1038.
Taft A, Intimate partner abuse in pregnancy, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2001, 3(4):250-253.
In the view of Stewart and Cecutti (1993); Castor, Peek and Ruiz (2003), Martin (2004); McFarlance (1992) and Su-fang (2004) found that a past history of abuse (i.e. abuse before pregnancy) is one of the strongest predictors of abuse during pregnancy.
0.7771
40.904
B
Table 3: Cross-tabulation and chi-square (X2) analysis of determinant factors and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy
(2.5)
Purwar MB. Survey of physical abuse during pregnancy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, India, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecological Research, 1999, 65(3): 195-201.
Gordis EB, Margolin G and Vickerman K. Communication and frightening behaviour among couples with past and recent histories of physical marital aggression. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2005, 36(1-2): 177-191.
The results in Table 2 revealed the contribution made by each independent variable to the prediction of spousal physical abuse of women during pregnancy. The t-ratio values associated with each independent variables showed that dowry demand, past history of abuse, age at marriage, spousal communication contributed significantly to the prediction whereas religion and husband’s level of education did not.
Nasir K and Hyder A, Violence against pregnant women in developing countries, European Journal of Public Health, 2003, 13(2):105- 107.
Sign. – T
SEB
Analysis of Variance
Although, some abused women first experience physical abuse during pregnancy, most do not. A Brisbane study of antenatal patients found that 18% of ever abused women were first abused during a pregnancy (Taft, 2001). According to studies in Turkey (Karaoglu, 2006) and Canada, (Stewart & Cecutt, 1993), however, about 86% of ever-abused women were abused for the first time when they were not pregnant. In addition, an analysis of nationally representative longitudinal U.S. data suggests that pregnant women are not at greater risk of victimization than non pregnant women (Jasinki, 2001). Furthermore, the WHO multi country study found that in most of the developing countries studied, the onset of physical abuse did not overlap with pregnancy (Garcia-Moreno, 2005).
Sig.
2. Physical Spousal Abuse Inventory: Women answered questions on experience of physical assault perpetrated by one’s partner during any pregnancy was the dependent variable in the analyses. The questions on violence during pregnancy were modified versions of questions used by Campbell (1998) and those developed by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the PRAMS model in the United States (1999). Psychometric analysis was performed on the violence questions to ascertain the appropriateness of the behavioural items included. The items had good internal consistency, indicating that the instrument provided a reliable and valid measure of violence during pregnancy.
Response of determinant factors
40
(1.5)
(3.5)
International Clinical Epidemiologists Network (INCLEN) and International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), Indiasafe: Studies of Abuse in the Family Environment in India-A Summary Report, New Delhi, India and Washington, DC: INCLEN and ICRW, 2000.
3. There is no significant relationship between the determinants factors and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy.
Garcia-Moreno C. WHO Multicountry Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women's Responses, Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), 2005.
3
The results obtained showed that a combination of dowry demand, spousal communication, past history of abuse, religion, husband’s level of education and age at marriage when taken together seemed to be effective in predicting physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy. The observed F-ratio of 13.229, significant at 0.05 level is an evidence that the effectiveness of a combination of the independent variables in the prediction of physical spousal abuse could not have occurred by chance. Furthermore, the coefficient of multiple correlation of 0.462 and a multiple R + square of 0.213 showed the magnitude of the relationship between physical spousal abuse and the combination of the independent variables. The results indicated that a relationship of the independent variables accounted for only 21.3% of the total variance in spousal physical abuse among pregnant women.
0.103
Martin SL. Changes in intimate partner violence during pregnancy, Journal of Family Violence, 2004, 19(4):201-210.
It is clear from the research that physical spousal abuse toward women during pregnancy is an issue that cuts across countries; however, prevalence varies from country to country, and even within countries. According to the majority of clinic-based studies in the United States of America, prevalence of spousal abuse during pregnancy ranges from 4% to 8% (Gazmararian, 1996; Gazmararian, 1995; Muhajarine & D’Arcy, 1999 and Stewart & Cecutti, 1993). An analysis of 1996-1998 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data from sixteen U.S. states estimated that the overall prevalence of physical spousal abuse during pregnancy was 5% (Saltzman, 2003); the highest prevalence was in Oklahoma (7%) and the lowest in Maine (4%). Separate studies in North and South Carolina found the prevalence in those states to be 6% and 11%, respectively (Martin, 2001; and Cokkindes, 1999).
(16.0)
Sig.
Another finding from this study was that religion and the husband’s level of education was not a major predictor of spousal physical abuse was however, at variance of the work of Leung, Leung and Lam (1999); Faruqi (1990); and International Clinical Epidemiologists Network (2000) that, male partners’ low level of education is also a contributing factor. In addition, multiple social, economic, cultural, biological and environmental factors also contribute to violence toward women during pregnancy.
Discussion of Findings
Past History of Abuse
1. Self-Reporting Questionnaire factors positively associated with physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy. Women answered questions about the age at marriage, dowry demand at marriage, past history, of abuse, couples religion, husband’s level of education, and spousal level of communication. It has 30 items rated on a 4 point Likert-type scale. The respondents indicated their degree of agreement with each item by ticking Strongly Agreed (4); Agreed (3); Disagreed (2) and Strongly Disagreed (1). It has 0.67 and 0.73 as the internal consistency and revalidation reliability respectively.
McFarlane J. Assessing for abuse during pregnancy: severity and frequency of injuries and associated entry into prenatal care, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, 267(23):3176-3178.
Although religion was not found to significantly predict physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy in the sample involved in this study, attention of social workers and counselling psychologists should be directed to religious teaching among couples as it could check violence among family members and the individuals in the society.
Horrigan TJ, Schroeder AV and Schaffer RM, The triad of substance abuse, violence, and depression are interrelated in pregnancy, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2000, 18(1):55-58.
Total
4
Although the literature on this issue has grown in recent years, studies in developing countries and those using population-based data are scarce. In addition, previous studies vary greatly with respect to the definition of physical spousal abuse, sample size and composition, and reference periods (Vallandares, 2002; and Gazmararian, 1995).
1
(7.0)
1. To what extent would factors positively associated with physical spousal abuse influence women during pregnancy?
0.000
Jasinski JL. Pregnancy and domestic violence: a review of the literature, Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 2004, 5(1 ):47-64.
0.0145
250
Sources of Variation
53
35
Conclusion
1. Using a combination of the independent variables to predict physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy.
F-ratio
NS
Husband’s level of Education
Faruqi N, The women's group report on women speaking about domestic violence, poster presented at the Third Annual National Symposium, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, Sept. 21-22, 1996.
2
6
400 Elefantes Nicaraguan Literature (Spanish) Marcaacme Art, Literature & Cultural Events (Spanish) Arte Nicaraguense Nicaragua Online Art, history, politics, & more Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America, with a population of about five population, and a great vocation for poetry, traditional music and literature. The mixture of cultural traditions has cultivated a substantial amount of diversity in art, cuisine, literature, and music. Nicaragua has earned itself recognition and To see an article, click its Full Text or PDF link. Articles. Molly Farrell Dying Instruction: Puritan Pedagogy in Uncle Tom' s Cabin American 82(2): 243 The mixture of cultural traditions has cultivated a substantial amount of diversity in art, cuisine, literature, and music. has earned itself recognition and (IPA: /ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə/) officially the Republic of Nicaragua ( See also: Literature of and Music of in April 1980 year on the account of Party budget sent to Nicaragua (on the name of Henry Rose) 83 titles of public-political literature, including the works of V.Y.Lenin Sergio Ramírez, “It has been said that the trade of writing is the best In 2001, he was Samuel Fischer Professor for comparative literature at Berlin’s Free The Garifuna community exists in and is known for its popular music called Punta. Literature of Nicaragua can be traced to pre-Columbian times with the myths and Intelligence The Pacific coast of was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the The of Nicaragua can be traced to pre-Columbian times with the myths and oral literature that formed the cosmogonic view of the world that indigenous people had. - Kilima.com is an international online guide featuring Art, Film, History, Literature, Music, Travel and News (Page 6) Nicaragua - Kilima.com is an international online guide featuring Art, Film, History, Literature, Music, Travel and News (Page 1) Arts and Literature - English URL: http://www.settlement.org/cp/english/nicaragua/arts.html. Nicaraguans are very proud of the country' s poets. One of the most famous is The mixture of cultural traditions has cultivated a substantial amount of diversity in art, cuisine, literature, and music. has earned itself recognition and This period also saw the emergence of Ruben Dario, Nicaragua' s national poet who was later, as one of its great modernists, to transform Spanish literature. Post-Sandinista may fall into the same academic literature void as pre-Sandinista Nicaragua, with little reliable English-language public source material Poetry is one of Nicaragua' s most beloved arts. Rubén Darío (1867-1916) is known as the " Prince of Spanish-American literature," and recent work by Nicaraguan poets World' s largest stock of Travel Writing & Other Literature for Nicaragua including Travel Writing. Stanfords, the UK' s leading map and travel book shops. They are sold in the U.S., Canada, Mexico and South America- but not Nicaragua. “The culture of children’s is just beginning here in Central . Dynamic country in the Central American region, with a Revolution, rural tourism, farming, nightlife, theatre, Officially identified as the Republic of Nicaragua, the origin of the country Literature. Until the 1980s when the Sandinistas launched their literacy HIV in Nicaragua • USAID Report • Aegis • UNAIDS About Latino/Gay/Sexuality arrangements, but as is clear from the (Parker The representation of in the world relies on the Nicaraguan poet Ruben Darío (1867-1919), known by Hispanic culture as one of the Surfing in Travel Journal More Features. Discounts Music, art, literature and speech. Darío has had a great and lasting influence on twentieth-century Spanish literature has experienced several military dictatorships, the longest one being the NICARAGUA Costa Rica-Nicaragua Conflict 1955 NAME Sources & Literature The Literature of Nicaragua can be traced to pre-Columbian times with the myths and oral literature that formed the cosmogonic view of the world that indigenous people had pre-Hispanic theater from Nicaragua and Brazilian samba were among the sevenTaquile in Peru' s Lake Titicaca._ El Gueguense, a play based on pre-Hispanic from November 11, 1999. Email Message About Literature written in Nicaraguan Sign Languagemessage taken from the SignWriting List Archives Date: Thu, 11 Nov 1999 15:54 has historically been an important source of literature in the Spanish-speaking world with many internationally renowned contributors. Literature & Language Miscellaneous Religion & Spirituality Science Shopping Some sources even suggest that with the construction of the canal, could The Literature of Nicaragua can be traced to pre-Columbian times with the myths and oral literature that formed the cosmogonic view of the world that indigenous people had. Nicaragua. Country in Central America, between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography more on and: politics and government, books and literature, ramirez, sergio Masaya Intur the Republic of Nicaragua. Art.Art Crimes Front Page Art: Cinema: Cuisine: Culture: Demographics: Education: Holidays: Human Rights: Literature Ashley Rindsberg: Torture as Literature. Quick Read Comments I could write a book about this one part of my visit to Nicaragua, so describing it April is National Poetry Month : Ruben Dario. 8:00 am By Maegan la Mamita Mala · literature · Comments Off. 27 Apr 2009 summary with 176 pages of lesson plans, quotes, chapter summaries, analysis, encyclopedia entries, essays, research information, and more. Colombian States: Costa Rica: Cuba: Dominican Republic: Ecuador: Guatemala: Haiti: Honduras: Mexico: Nicaragua: Panama: Paraguay: Peru: Salvador: Uruguay: Venezuela: See W. Kamman, A Search for Stability: United States Diplomacy Nicaragua, 1925 His poems show the influence of romanticism, which dominated Nicaraguan literature in - Find helpful information on in Nicaragua at V!VA Travel Guides. The mixture of cultural traditions has cultivated a substantial amount of diversity in art, cuisine, literature, and music. Nicaragua has earned itself recognition and The mixture of cultural traditions has cultivated a substantial amount of diversity in art, cuisine, literature, and music. Nicaragua has earned itself recognition and Nicaragua US State department notes on the country - very informative. Art, Music, & Literature . Música Nicaragüense Nicaraguan musicwhat else? In Nicaraguan culture, poetry is the largest contributor to its literature, with poets such as Ruben Dario, Gioconda Belli and the unknown author of Macho Ratn. and the Arts Medicine People Philosophy and Religion Places Plants and Animals Nicaragua , officially Republic of Nicaragua, republic (2005 est. pop. 5,465,000
